Work motivation: theory, practice and new research perspectives and directions
Abstract
The aim of this overview study is to provide a basic overview of main theoretical perspectives of researching work motivation, to point at key studies and underline important controversies. The main attention will be paid to the concept and contribution of Self-determination Theory (SDT). From psychology of work and organisation point of view, the area of work motivation is one of the most researched topics (Deci, Connell, & Ryan, 1989; Latham, 2012). We refer those who are interested in work motivation to the book lists and research output (e.g. Ambrose & Kulik, 1999; Diefendorff & Chandler, 2010; Kanfer, Chen, & Pitchard, 2008; Latham & Pinder, 2005; Latham, 2012; Mitchell & Daniels, 2003, Gagné et al, 2014 etc.). In the end of the text, there will be discussed four chosen orientations and topics in researching work motivation.
(Fulltext in Czech)
Keywords
work motivation, self-determination theory, intrinsic and extrinsic motivationLiterature
Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abmnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422–436.
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, 267–299). New York: Academic Press.
Adler, P. S., & Chen, C. X. (2009). Beyond intrinsic motivation: On the nature of individual motivation in large-scale collaborative creativity. Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from https://msbfile03.usc.edu/…VATION-1.pdf
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organzational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
Amabile, T. M. (1993). Motivation synergy: toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 3(3), 185–201.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Crativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M., & Mueller, J. S. (2007). Studying creativity, its processes, and its antecedents: An exploration of the componential theory of creativity (31–62). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ambrose, M. L., & Kulik, C. T. (1999). Old friends, new faces: Motivation in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25, 231–292.
Baron, R. A. (1990). Motivation in work settings: Reflections on the core of organizational research. Motivation and Emotion, 15, 1–8.
Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., & Piotrowski, M. (2002). Personality and job performance: Test of the mediating effects of motivation among sales representatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 43–51.
Blatný, M., Hřebíčková, M., Milová, K., Plháková, A., Říčan, P., Slezáčková, A., & Stuchlíková, I. (2010). Psychologie osobnosti, hlavní témata, současné přístupy [The Psychology of Personality, Major Themes, Current Approaches]. Praha: Grada.
Bunderson, J. S., & Thompson, J. A. (2009). The call of hte wild. Zookeepers, callings, and the double-edge sword of deeply meaningul work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54, 32–57.
Conti, R., Amabile, T. M., & Pollack, S. (1995). Enhancing intrinsic motivation, learning, and creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1107–1116.
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New Yourk: Plenum. Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externaly mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115.
Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627–668.
Deci. E. L., Connell, J. P. & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 580–590.
Diefendorff, J. M., & Chandler, M. M. (2010). Motivating employees. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (65–135). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Erez, M. (2010). Culture and job design. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 389–400.
Gagné, M., Guntert, S. T., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Crevier=Braud, L., Van den Broeck, A, Aspeli, A. K., Bellerose, J, Benabou, C, & Chemolli, E. (2014). The multidimensional work motivation scale: Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1–19. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2013.877892 George, J. M. (2007). Crativity in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 1, 439–477.
Grant, A. M., & Berry, J. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, Perspective-taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 73–96.
Harder, J. W. (1991) Ewuity theory versus expectancy theroy: The case of major league baseball free agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 458–464.
Heath, C., & Sitkin, S. (2001). Big-B versus Big-O: What is organizational about organizational behavior? Journal of Orgnizational Behavior, 22, 43–58.
Heckhausen, H. (1991). Motivation and action. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Hennessey, B. A. (2010). The creativity-motivaton connection. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity (pp. 342–365). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huseman, R. C., Hatfield, J. D., & Miles, E. W. (1987). A new perspective on equity theory: The equity sensitivity construct. Academy of Management Review, 12, 222–234.
Chen, G, & Kanfer, R. (2006). Toward a systems theory of motivated behavior in work teams. Research in Organizational Behavior, 27, 223–267.
Chen, M. J., & Miller, D. (1994). Competitive attack, retaliation and performance: An expectancy-valence framework. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 85–102.
Judge, T. A., & Iles, R. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 797–807.
Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (2004). Aging, adult development, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 29, 440–458.
Kanfer, R., Chen, G., & Pritchard, R. D. (2008). Work motivation: Forging new perspectives and directions in the post-millennium. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present, and future (601–631). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Katzell, R. A., & Tompson, D. E. (1990). Work motivation: Theory and practice. American Psychologist, 45, 144–153.
Kossek, E., & Misra, K. (2008). Non-work infuences od work motivation. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. Pritchard (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present, and future (471–500). New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
Latham, G. P. (2012). Work motivation: history, theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). USA: Sage Publications.
Latham, G. P., & Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 495–516.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal-setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705–717.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29, 388–403.
Locke, E. A., Motowidlo, S. J., & Bobko, P. (1986). Using self-eficcacy theory to resolve the conflict between goal-setting theory and expectancy therory in organizational behavior and industrial/organizational psychology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 328–338.
Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396. DOI:10.1037/h0054346.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. USA: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Mastrofski, S. D., Ritti, R. R. & Snipes, J. B. (1994). Expectance theory and police productivity in DUI enforcement. Law and Society, Review, 28, 113–148.
McGregor, D. M. (1960). The human side of the enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mickel, A. E., & Baron, L. A. (2008). Getting „more bang for the buck“: Symbolic value of monetary rewards in organizations. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17, 329–338.
Miner, J. B. (2003). The rated importance, scientific validity, and practical usefulness of organizational behavior theories: A quantitative reviw. Academy of Management: Learning and Education, 2, 250–268.
Mitchell, T. R., & Daniels, D. (2003). Motivation. In W. Borman, D. Ilgen, & R. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology. Vol. 12: Industrial/organizational psychology (225–254). New York: Wiley.
Mudrák, J. (2009). Cesty k vrcholu: faktory rozvoje výjimečného výkonu [Ways to the top: factors of high achievement development] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Masarykova Univerzita Brno.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Očenášková, V. (2015). Ženy v akademických povoláních: osobní a pracovní spokojenost [Women with Academic Careers: Personal and Professional Satisfaction]. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.
Očenášková, V., & Sobotková, I. (2014). Partnerská spokojenost žen v akademických povoláních [Partnership Satisfaction of Women with Academic Careers]. In E. Maierová, R. Procházka, M. Dolejš, & O. Skopal. (Eds.), PhD existence 2014: česko-slovenská psychologická konference (nejen) pro doktorandy a o doktorandech, Sborník příspěvků (141–150). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého.
Paulík, K. (2010). Psychologie lidské odolnosti [The Psychology of Human Resilience]. Praha: Grada.
Paulík, K. (ed.) (2012). Psychologické aspekty zátěže muži a ženami [Psychological Aspects of Coping with Load by Men and Women]. Ostrava: OU FF.
Paulík, K., Novotný, J. S., Bláha, J., Horváthová, P., & Mikušová, M. (2014). Psychologické souvislosti pracovní smysluplnosti [Psychological context of work meaningfulness]. Psychologie a její kontexty, 5, 3–15.
Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work motivation in organizational behavior (2nd ed.). New Yourk: Psychology Press.
Rynes, S. L., Geerhart, B., & Minette, K. A. (2004). The importance of pay in employee motivation: Discrepancies between what people say and what they do. Human Resourece Management, 43, 381–394.
Steel, P., & König, C. J. (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy of Management Review, 31, 88–913.
Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Shapiro, D. L. (2004). The future of work motivation theory. Academy of Management Review, 29, 379–387.
Stuchlíková, I. (2010). Motivace a osobnost [Motivation and personality]. In Blatný a kol., Psychologie osobnosti, hlavní témata, současné přístupy [The Psychology of Personality, Major Themes, Current Approaches] (137–166). Praha: Grada.
Van Erde, W., & Thierry, H. (1996). Vroom´s expectancy models and work-related criteria: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 575–586.
Vogus, T. J., & Welbourne, T. M. (2003). Structuring for high reliability: HR practices and mindful processes in reliability-seeking organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 877–903.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
Weick, K. E. (1979). The social psychology of organizing (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, (297–333).
Wrzesniewksi, A., McCauley, C. R., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People´s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 21–33.
Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2003). Organizational meta-scripts as a source of high reliablity: The case of an army armored brigade. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 837–859.