The standardization of the number of responses in Zulliger test: The first step towards developing a new evidence-based system

Martin Seitl ORCID logo
Justýna Dočkalová
Daniel Dostál
Marek Kolařík
Veronika Hasoňová
Kateřina Palová
Karolína Fryštacká

Abstract

When developing the evidence-based system for Zulliger inkblot test (ZTT), the first objective is to create conditions allowing us to define psychometrically relevant evaluation procedures and validate the conclusions of interpretation. The adequacy of psychometric evaluation and validity of interpretations are significantly influenced by the number of responses provided to the stimulant material. The aim of the present study is therefore to verify the possibility of standardization of the total number of responses by comparing the influence of three various types of instructions on the total number of provided responses and the selected scoring variable.
The study was conducted on a group of 45 respondents (5 men and 40 women) aged between 19 and 33. These were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was given ZTT with different instructions: the traditional instruction for ZTT (Michal, 1998), the instruction according to Comprehensive System (CS) for ZTT (Mattlar et al., 1993), and the instruction based on the R-optimized principle developed by authors of this study. The data analysis employed description statistics, Kendall´s corre­lation coefficient, the Brown–Forsythe test and K-Sample Anderson-Darling Test. The results showed that all instruction types resulted in a sufficient number of responses; however, only the R-optimized instruction provided a standardized number of responses. A correlation between the number of responses and some of the observed variables was identified in the case of the traditional instruction for ZTT and the instruction according to CS for ZTT. The obtained results suggest that the R-optimized instruction is particularly beneficial for the new evidence-based approach. The limitation of the study is the small sample size.

https://doi.org/10.29364/epsy.328

(Fulltext in Czech)

Keywords

Zulliger Test, instruction, evidence-based approach

Literature

Aguilar, M. J., & Grasso, L. (2014). Evaluación de una muestra de adultos mayores sanos de población general a través del Test de Zulliger – Sistema Comprehensivo. Psico-Diagnóstico De Rorschach Y Otras, 36(1), 45–71.

Beck, S. J. (1944). Rorschach's Test I. Basic Processes. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Bohm, E. (1958). Textbook in Rorschach Test Diagnosis for Psychologists, Physicians and Teachers. London: Grune & Stratton.

Bolcek, L. (2008). Možnosti a meze využití Zulligerova tabulkového testu při výběru a hodnocení pracovníků. Retrieved from theses.cz: https://is.muni.cz/th/v3s79/

Exner, J. E., & Petržela, M. (2009). A Rorschach workbook for the comprehensive system (5th ed.). Praha: Testcentrum.

Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach. A Comprehensive System: Basic Foundation and Principles of Interpretation (4th ed., vol. I.). Hoboken: Wiley.

Exner, J. E., & Weiner, I. (1994). The Rorschach. A Comprehensive System: Assessment of Children and Adolescents (vol. III.). New York: Wiley.

Ferreira, M. E., & Villemor-Amaral, A. E. (2005). The Zulliger Test and Job Performance Evaluation. Paidéia, 15(32), 367–376.

Gabriel, Z., & Novák, T. (2008). Psychologické poradenství v náhradní rodinné péči. Praha: Grada.

Gregoleti, V., & Scortegagna, S. A. (2017). The Zulliger-CS in elderly on hemodialysis and the Ex, 27(66), 43–50.

Havlík, K. (1978). Zulligerův DIA test v dopravní psychologii. Československá psychologie, 22(1), 56–61.

Havlík, K. (2015). Retrieved from Sumavanet.cz: http://www.sumavanet.cz/…5/zullig.pdf

Jenkins, S. R. (2008). A Handbook of Clinical Scoring Systems for Thematic Apperceptive Techniques. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Klopfer, B., & Kelley, D. M. (1946). The Rorschach Technique: A Manual for a Projective Method of Personality Diagnosis. New York: Yonkers-on-Hudson.

Král, P. (2008). Příručka pro práci s Zulligerovým diapozitivovým testem. Praha: Testcentrum.

Lečbych, M. (2013). Wagnerův Hand test. Aplikace ve výzkumu a praxi. Olomouc: VUP.

Lis, A., Tiziana, M., & Germano, R. (1990). A Comparison Between the Zulliger Test (Individually Administered) and the Rorschach Test in Children Aged 6–11. British Journal of Projective Psychology, 35(2), 35–48.

Mattlar, C-E., Forsander, C., Norrlund, L., Carlsson, A., Vesala, P., Öist, A-S., & Uhinki, A. (1993). A Zulliger Workbook for Applying the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Turku: Social Insurance Institution.

Meyer, G. J. (1992). Response Frequency Problems in the Rorschach: Clinical and Research Implications with Suggestions for the Future. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 231–244.

Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). Rorschach Performance Assessment System. Administration, Coding, Interpretation and Technical Manual. Toledo: RPAS.

Michal, V. (1998). Zulligerův tabulkový test. Stručný úvod do Zulligerovy projektovní techniky. Trnávka u Nového Jičína: Jindřich Horkel Elektronik Test.

Molinari, A., & Seitl, M. (2017). Projektivní metody v ověřování způsobilosti uchazečů o služební poměr v bezpečnostních sborech České republiky: Rozsah a účel použití. In A. Gregar, & M. Horák (Eds.), Mezinárodní konference psychologie práce a organizace 2017. Sborník příspěvků (pp 440–452). Zlín: UTB.

Morávek, S. (1991). Úvod do psychodiagnostiky dospělých. Olomouc: VUP.

Obereignerů, R., Čáp, D., Krausová, V., & a kol. (2016). Vybrané ukazatele sociální zralosti osobnosti v projektivních psychodiagnos­tických metodách. Olomouc: VUP.

Rien, M., Scortegagna, S. A., Grazziotin, J. B., & Bertolin, T. E. (2017). Validity Evidence of the Zulliger-CS in older adults with Parkinson’s de­sease. Estudos de Psicologia Campinas, 34(4), 560–570.

Sandahl, C., Mattlar, C.-E., Carlsson, A., Vesela, P., & Rosenqvist, A. (1990). The personality structure for the normal adult as revealed by the Zullinger. British Journal of Projective Psychology, 35(2), 54–60.

Seitl, M., & Vtípil, Z. (2013). Otázky motivace a interpersonálních charakteristik osobnosti při výběrů zaměstnanců s použitím Rorschachovy metody. In L. Lovaš, & K. Vasková (Eds.), Psychológia práce a organizácie 2012. Zborník z medzinárodnej konferencie „Psychológia práce a organizácie 2012 (pp 59–68). Košice: UPJŠ.

Scholz, W. F., & Stephens, M. A. (1987). K-Sample Anderson-Darling Tests. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(399), 918–924.

Svoboda, M., Řehan, V., Vtípil, Z., Klimusová, H., & Humpolíček, P. (2004). Aplikovaná psychodiagnostika v České republice. Brno: Psychologický ústav FF MU v Brně.

Viglione, D. J. (2002). Rorschach Coding Solutions. San Diego: Viglione.

Viglione, D. J., Meyer, G. J., Jordan, J. R., Converse, G. L., Evans, J., MacDermott, D., & Moore, R. C. (2015). Developing an Alternative Rorschach Administration Method to Optimize the Number of Responses and Enhance Clinical Inferences. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 22, 546–558.

Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., Jansak, D., Meyer, G., & Exner, J. E. (2003). Modifying the Rorschach Human Experience Variable to Create the Human Representational Variable. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81(1), 64–73.

Villemor-Amaral, A. E., & Machado, M. A. (2011). The Depression Index in the Zulliger Comprehensive System (ZSC). Paidéia, 21(48), 21–27.

Villemor-Amaral, A. E., & Vieira, P. G. (2016). Zulliger (CS) in Assessing the Relational Maturity of Children. Paidéia, 26(65), 369–376.

Villemor-Amaral, A. E., Pavan, P. M., Tavella, R. R., Cardoso, L. M., & Biasi, F. C. (2016). Validity evidence of the Z-Test-SC for use with children. Paidéia, 26(64), 199–206.

Villemor-Amaral, A. E., Pianowski, G., & Francisco Carvalho, L. (2016). Issues About Color, Human Movement, and Number of Responses in the Zulliger Test. Rorschachiana, 37(2), 95–113.

Villemor-Amaral, A. L., & Primi, R. (2012). Zulliger no Sistema Compreensivo. Casa do Psicólogo.

Weiner, I. B. (2003). Principles of Rorschach Interpretation. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Weiner, I. B., & Greene, R. L. (2017). Handbook of Personality Assessment. Hoboken: Wiley.

Zulliger, H. (1969). The Zulliger Individual and Group Test. New York: International Universities Press.

Zulliger, H. (1994). Zulligerův projektivní test. Příručka. Překlad Libor Richter. Praha: IPPP.

Show all Hide