Parents in prevention of risk behaviour of adolescents
Abstract
During the early adolescence period the parental behaviour belongs to one of the most important factors that may help to avoid adolescent risk behaviour. Among the most prevalent forms of risk behaviour in early adolescence are smoking and alcohol consumption. The first aim of this study is to explore discrepancies between parental and adolescent perceptions of several factors related to risk behaviour. The second aim of the study is to explore relationship between parental behaviour (as perceived by adolescents) and adolescents smoking and alcohol consumption. Research sample consisted of 580 adolescents (mean age 12.51, SD=0.59; 51.1% girls), 217 mothers and 150 fathers. In all studied all variables but spending free time, showed, significant differences between the perception of adolescents and their mothers /fathers were found with an exception of parental companionship. Results of logistic regression show that the most important factor that is associated with probability of smoking and drinking in early adolescence is perceived parental approval of such behaviour. It seems to be, that regardless of the way how parents try to prevent adolescents risk behaviour, the most important is to show clear and consistent disapproval of such behaviour. Our results may be applied also for teachers and significant others that are in contact with adolescents.
https://doi.org/10.29364/epsy.357
(Fulltext in Slovak)
Keywords
risk behaviour, discrepancies in parent-adolescent dyad, smoking, alcohol consumption, preventionLiterature
Abar, C. C., Jackson, K. M., Colby, S. M., & Barnett, N. P. (2014). Common and unique parenting predictors of adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Addictive behaviors, 39(10), 1528–1532. https://doi.org/….2014.06.003
Bacikova-Sleskova, M. (2009). Family and its role in adolescent’s health risk behaviour. In O. Orosová, B. Gajdosova, M. Bacikova-Sleskova, F. Salonna, R. Sebena, Health-related behaviour among adolescents and young adults. Košice: Equilibria.
Bačíková, M. (2019). Psychológia rodičovskej kontroly v dospievaní. Košice: Univerzita P. J. Šafárika v Košiciach.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory. Vol. 1. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Brown, S. L., & Rinelli, L. N. (2010). Family structure, family processes, and adolescent smoking and drinking. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(2), 259–273.
Cleveland, M. J., Feinberg, M. E., Bontempo, D. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2008). The role of risk and protective factors in substance use across adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/….2008.01.015
De Los Reyes, A., Goodman, K. L., Kliewer, W., & Reid-Quinones, K. (2010). The longitudinal consistency of mother–child reporting discrepancies of parental monitoring and their ability to predict child delinquent behaviors two years later. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1417–1430. https://doi.org/…4-009-9496-7
den Exter Blokland, E. A., Hale III, W. W., Meeus, W., & Engels, R.C.M.E. (2007). Parental support and control and early adolescent smoking: A longitudinal study. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(14), 2223–2232. https://doi.org/…080701690664
den Exter Blokland, E.A., Hale III, W.W., Meeus, W. & Engels, R.C.M.E. (2006). Parental anti-smoking socialization: Associations between parental anti-smoking socialization practices and early adolescent smoking initiation. European Addiction Research, 12(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/…59/000088580
Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/…021800432380
Engels, R. C. M. E., & Bot, S. M. (2006). Social influences on adolescent substance use: Insights into how parents and peers affect adolescent's smoking and drinking behavior. In D. T. D. de Ridder, & J. B. F. de Wit (eds.), Self-regulation in Health Behavior (pp 71–95). Wiley. https://doi.org/…70713150.ch4
Engels, R. C., Vitaro, F., den Exter Blokland, E., de Kemp, R., & Scholte, R. H. (2004). Influence and selection processes in friendships and adolescent smoking behavior: The role of parental smoking. Journal of Adolescence, 27(5), 531–544. https://doi.org/….2004.06.006
Fidler, J. A., West, R., Van Jaarsveld, C. H., Jarvis, M. J., & Wardle, J. (2008). Smoking status of step‐parents as a risk factor for smoking in adolescence. Addiction, 103(3), 496–501. https://doi.org/…2007.02086.x
Furman, W. & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 1016–1022. https://doi.org/…49.21.6.1016
Hiemstra, M., de Leeuw, R. N., Engels, R. C., & Otten, R. (2017). What parents can do to keep their children from smoking: A systematic review on smoking-specific parenting strategies and smoking onset. Addictive Behaviors, 70, 107–128. https://doi.org/….2017.02.003
Janssen, T., Larsen, H., Peeters, M., Pronk, T., Vollebergh, W. A., & Wiers, R. W. (2014). Interactions between parental alcohol-specific rules and risk personalities in the prediction of adolescent alcohol use. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(5), 579–585. https://doi.org/…lcalc/agu039
Kakihara, F., & Tilton‐Weaver, L. (2009). Adolescents’ interpretations of parental control: Differentiated by domain and types of control. Child Development, 80(6), 1722–1738. https://doi.org/…2009.01364.x
Kandel, D. B., Griesler, P. C., & Hu, M. C. (2015). Intergenerational patterns of smoking and nicotine dependence among US adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), e63-e72. https://doi.org/….2015.302775
Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J., VanderValk, I. E., & Meeus, W. (2010). Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 88–113. https://doi.org/…2009.00631.x
Kong, G., Camenga, D., Cavallo, D., Connell, C. M., Pflieger, J. C., & Krishnan‐Sarin, S. (2012). The role of ethnic pride and parental disapproval of smoking on smoking behaviors among minority and White adolescents in a suburban high school. The American Journal on Addictions, 21(5), 424–434. https://doi.org/…2012.00266.x
Koning, I. M., Vollebergh, W. A., Smit, F., Verdurmen, J. E., Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Ter Bogt, T. F., & Engels, R. C. (2009). Preventing heavy alcohol use in adolescents (PAS): cluster randomized trial of a parent and student intervention offered separately and simultaneously. Addiction, 104(10), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/…2009.02677.x
Korelitz, K. E., & Garber, J. (2016). Congruence of parents’ and children’s perceptions of parenting: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(10), 1973–1995. https://doi.org/…4-016-0524-0
Lam, C. B., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2014). Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Developmental course and adjustment correlates. Child Development, 85(4), 1677–1693. https://doi.org/…1/cdev.12235
Latendresse, S. J., Rose, R. J., Viken, R. J., Pulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J., & Dick, D. M. (2008). Parenting mechanisms in links between parents’ and adolescents’ alcohol use behaviors. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(2), 322–330. https://doi.org/…2007.00583.x
López-Pérez, B., & Wilson, E. L. (2015). Parent–child discrepancies in the assessment of children’s and adolescents’ happiness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 139, 249–255. https://doi.org/….2015.06.006
Mak, K. K., Ho, S. Y., & Day, J. R. (2012). Smoking of parents and best friend—independent and combined effects on adolescent smoking and intention to initiate and quit smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(9), 1057–1064. https://doi.org/…3/ntr/nts008
Maurizi, L. K., Gershoff, E. T., & Aber, J. L. (2012). Item-level discordance in parent and adolescent reports of parenting behavior and its implications for adolescents’ mental health and relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1035–1052. https://doi.org/…4-011-9741-8
Mays, D., Gilman, S. E., Rende, R., Luta, G., Tercyak, K. P., & Niaura, R. S. (2014). Parental smoking exposure and adolescent smoking trajectories. Pediatrics, 133(6), 983–991. https://doi.org/…ds.2013-3003
Mrug, S., & McCay, R. (2013). Parental and peer disapproval of alcohol use and its relationship to adolescent drinking: Age, gender, and racial differences. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 604–614. https://doi.org/…037/a0031064
Nash, S. G., McQueen, A., & Bray, J. H. (2005). Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: Family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/….2004.06.004
Pomerantz, E. M., & Eaton, M. M. (2000). Developmental differences in children's conceptions of parental control: „They love me, but they make me feel incompetent“. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46(1), 140–167. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23093346
Ryan, S. M., Jorm, A. F., & Lubman, D. I. (2010). Parenting factors associated with reduced adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(9), 774–783. https://doi.org10.1080/….2010.501759
Sargent, J. D., & Dalton, M. (2001). Does parental disapproval of smoking prevent adolescents from becoming established smokers? Pediatrics, 108(6), 1256–1262. https://doi.org/…s.108.6.1256
Smetana, J. G. (2010). Adolescents, families, and social development: How teens construct their worlds. John Wiley & Sons.
Smetana, J., Crean, H. F., & Campione‐Barr, N. (2005). Adolescents' and parents' changing conceptions of parental authority. New directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005(108), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.126
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2006). Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: An integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 305–318. https://doi.org/…649.42.2.305
Spijkerman, R., van den Eijnden, R. J., & Huiberts, A. (2008). Socioeconomic differences in alcohol-specific parenting practices and adolescents’ drinking patterns. European Addiction Research, 14(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/…59/000110408
van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (2006). The impact of alcohol‐specific rules, parental norms about early drinking and parental alcohol use on adolescents’ drinking behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(12), 1299–1306. https://doi.org/…2006.01680.x
Van Petegem, S., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Brenning, K., Mabbe, E., Vanhalst, J. & Zimmermann, G. (2017). Does general parenting context modify adolescents' appraisals and coping with a situation of parental regulation? The case of autonomy-supportive parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(9), 2623–2639. https://doi.org/…6-017-0758-9
Van Roy, B., Groholt, B., Heyerdahl, S., & Clench-Aas, J. (2010). Understanding discrepancies in parent-child reporting of emotional and behavioural problems: Effects of relational and socio-demographic factors. BMC Psychiatry, 10: 56. https://doi.org/…1-244X-10-56
Wellman, R. J., Dugas, E. N., Dutczak, H., O’Loughlin, E. K., Datta, G. D., Lauzon, B., & O’Loughlin, J. (2016). Predictors of the onset of cigarette smoking: a systematic review of longitudinal population-based studies in youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(5), 767–778. https://doi.org/….2016.04.003
Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/…164X.18.1.19
Yang, H., Stanton, B., Cottrel, L., Kaljee, L., Galbraith, J., Li, X., & Wu, Y. (2006). Parental awareness of adolescent risk involvement: Implications of overestimates and underestimates. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 353–361. https://doi.org/….2005.12.008