Nedotazníkové měření rodinných vztahů: metody a výzkumné studie

Xenie Uholyeva

Abstrakt

Měření rodinných vztahů a charakteristických rodinných interakcí provází mnoho problémů díky nedostatku teorie v dané oblasti, stejně jako interpretaci získaných výsledků. Většinou se zabýváme vztahy v rodině pomocí standardizovaných dotazníků a inventářů nebo jednoduchých seznamů otázek. Existuje však mnoho dalších metod, přístupů a nápadů, jak operacionalizovat vztahy v rodině. Tato studie přináší přehled některých problematických oblastí v měření rodinných vztahů a jejích dopadů, příklady méně používaných nástrojů na měření vztahů a dalších metod, se kterými se setkáváme v souvislosti se zkoumáním vztahů v rodinách. Cílem studie je zmapovat metody, které tvoří alternativu k dotazníkům a inventářům, a prozkoumat jejich možnosti v oblasti měření rodinných vztahů a interakcí. Věnujeme se zejména semiprojektivním a projektivním metodám. Mnoho metod, které jsou zmíněné ve studii, se pro měření vztahů používá jen málo, ale mají velký potenciál pro použití v této oblasti. Ve studii jsou naznačeny některé problémy s interpretací poznatků: kulturní diverzita, problém s rozlišováním subjektivního a osobnostního hlediska, které respondent vnáší do svého hodnocení rodinných vztahů, sociální desirabilita.

Klíčová slova

rodina, vztahy, projektivní metody, prostorová operacionalizace vztahů

Literatura

Amato, P., & Cheadle, J. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well-being across three generations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(1), 191–206.

Bahbouh, R. (1995). Sociomapování. Praha: Gema Art.

Barber, B., Stolz, H., & Olsen, J. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), pp. 14–20.

Bartanusz, S., & Sulova, L. (2003). Functional analysis of the communication between the young child and his father or mother when reading an illustrated book. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18(2), 112–134.

Beelmann, W., & Schmidt-Denter, U. (2009). Mother-child interaction following marital separation. European Psychologist, 14(4), 307–319. DOI: 10.1027/1016–9040.14.4.307.

Bray, J. (1995). Family assessment: current issues in evaluating families. Family Relations, 44(4), 469–477.

Casey, P., Jadva, V., Blake, L., & Golombok, S. (2013). Families created by donor insemination: father-child relationships at age 7. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(4), 858–870. DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12043.

Clark, R., & Armstead, C. (2000). Preliminary study examining relationship between family environment and resting mean arterial pressure in African-American youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(1), 3–5. DOI: 10.1016/S1054–139X(99)00127–5.

Clements, M., Martin, S., Randall, D., & Kane, K. (2014). Child and parent perceptions of interparental relationship conflict predict preschool children’s ad­justment. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 3(2), 110–125. DOI: 10.1037/cfp0000017.

Cobia, D., & Brazelton, E. (1994). The application of family drawing tests with children in remarriage families: Understanding. Elementary School Guidance, 29(2), 129–136.

Cooper, J., Holman, J., & Braithwaite, V. (1983). Self-Esteem and Family Cohesion: The Child's Perspective and Adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45(1), 153–159. DOI: 10.2307/351303.

Dougherty, L., Klein, D., & Davila, J. (2004). A growth curve analysis of the course of dysthymic disorder: the effects of chronic stress and moderation by adverse parent-child relationships and amily history. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1012–1021. DOI: 10.1037/0022–06X.72.6.1012.

Fang, C., Egleston, B., Brown, K., Lavigne, J., Stevens, V., Barton, B., Chandler, D., Dorgan, J. (2009). Family cohesion moderates the relation between free testosterone and delinquent behaviors in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 590–597. DOI: 10.1016/j.jado­health.2008.11­.018.

Feldman, S., Wentzel, K., & Gehring, T. (1989). A comparison of the views of mothers, fathers, and pre-adolescents about family cohesion and power. Journal of Family Psychology, 3(1), 39–60. DOI: 10.1037/h0080523.

Flinn, M., England, B. (1995). Childhood stress and family environment. Current Anthropology, 36(5), 854–866.

Fosco, G., Caruthers, A., & Dishion, T. (2012). A six-year predictive test of adolescent family relationship quality and effortful control pathways to emerging adult social and emotional health. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 565–575. DOI: 10.1037/a0028873.

Gehring, T., Wentzel, K., Feldman, S., Munson, J. (1990). Conflict in families of adolescents: the impact on cohesion and power structures. Journal of Family Psychology, 3(3), 290–309. DOI: 10.1037/h0080541.

Gerber, G., & Kaswan, J. (1971). Expression of emotion through family grouping schemata, distance, and interpersonal focus. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 370–377. DOI: 10.1037/h0031108.

Goldner, L., & Scharf, M. (2012). Children's family drawings and internalizing problems. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 262–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.aip­.2012.04.005.

Hargašová, M., & Kollárik, T. (1986). Škála rodinného prostredia (1st ed.). Bratislava: Psychodiagnostické a didaktické testy. Hibbard, S., Hilsenroth, M., Hibbard, J., & Nash, M. (1995). A validity study of two projective object representations measures. Psychological Assessment, 7(4), 432–439. DOI: 10.1037/1040–3590.7.4.432.

Humpolíček, P. (2009). Scénotest – možnosti analýzy pro praxi i výzkum. E-psychologie [online], 3(4),61–76. Dostupný z: http://e-psycholog.eu/…mpolicek.pdf.

Iandolo, G., Esposito, & G., Venuti, P. (2012). The bears family projective test: Evaluating stories of children with emotional difficulties. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 883–902. DOI: 10.2466/02.09­.15.21.PMS.114­.3.883–902.

Jablonska, B., & Lindberg, L. (2007). Risk behaviours, victimisation and mental distress among adolescents in different family structures. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(8), 656–663. DOI: 10.1007/s00127–007–0210–3.

Jennings, & M., Howe, N. (2001). Siblings' perceptions of their parents' divorce. Journal of Divorce, 35(1/2), 91–106. Kahn, J., & Meier, S. (2001). Children's de­finitions of family power and cohesion affect scores on the Family System Test. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(2), 141–154. DOI: 10.1080/019261­80126107.

Knafo, D. (2010). The O.R.T. (the Object Relations Technique): a reintroduction. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27(2), 182–189. DOI: 10.1037/a0019417.

Langmeier, J., & Matějček, Z. (2011). Psychická deprivace v dětství. (Vyd. 4., dopl., v nakl. Karolinum 1.) Praha: Karolinum. Minuchin, S., & Montalvo, B. (1967). Techniques for working with disorganized low socioeconomic families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 37(5), 880–887. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939–0025.1967.tb00532­.x.

Neil, S. (2004). The Family Chess Board and Projective Genogramming. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 15(1–2), 173–186. DOI: 10.1300/J085v1­5n01_13.

O'Toole, M., & Jeglic, E. (2014). The relationship between childhood family environment and adult sexual offending in a sample of sexual offenders. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19(4), 173–182.

Orgiazzi-Billon-Galland, I. (2000). Fantasmatic dynamics of the family: a projective approach and psychosis. Rorschachiana: Journal of the International Society for the Rorschach, 24(1), 54–69. DOI: 10.1027/1192–5604.24.1.54.

Roman, P., Dublineau, M., & Saboia, C. (2011). Projective Kit for Early Childhood (P. K. E. C.): A projective tool for research and clinical assessment. Rorschachiana: Journal of the International Society for the Rorschach, 32(2), 223–251. DOI: 10.1027/1192–5604/a000023.

Qualls, R. (2014). The relationship between disciplinary practices in childhood and academic dishonesty in college students. College Student Journal, 48(3), 362–374.

Sobotková, I. (2005). Test rodinného systému FAST: Příručka. Praha: Testcentrum.

Schumm W, & Hemesath K. (1999). Measurement in family studies. In Sussman M, Steinmetz S, Peterson G. Handbook of marriage and the family. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press. 291–305.

Stricker, G., & Healey, B. (1990). Projective assessment of object relations: a review of the empirical literature. Psychological Assessment, 2(3), 219–230. DOI: 10.1037/1040–3590.2.3.219.

Riordan, R., & Verdel, A. (1991). Evidence of sexual abuse in children's art products. School Counselor, 39(2), 116–121.

Thornton, A., & Binstock, G. (2001). The reliability of measurement and the cross-time stability of individual and family variables. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(3), 881–894. DOI: 10.4324/978131­5807874.

Vanassche, S., Sodermans, A., Matthijs, K., & Swicegood, G. (2014). The effects of family type, family relationships and parental role models on delinquency and alcohol use among flemish adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(1), 128–143. DOI: 10.1007/s10826–012–9699–5.

West, M. (1998). Meta-analysis of studies assessing the efficacy of projective techniques in discriminating child sexual abuse. Child Abuse, 22(11), 1151–1166.

Winter, W., & Ferreira, A. (1969). Talking time as an index of intrafamilial similarity in normal and abnormal families. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74(5), 574–575. DOI: 10.1037/h0028089.

Wijsbroek, S., Hale III, W., Raaijmakers, Q., & Meeus, W. (2011). The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents' self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms. European Child, 20(7), 361–371. DOI: 10.1007/s00787–011–0183–3.

Whiteside, M., & Becker, B. (2000). Parental factors and the young child's postdivorce adjustment: A meta-analysis with implications for parenting arrangements. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 5–26. DOI: 10.1037/0893–3200.14.1.5.

Zobrazit celé Skrýt